Essays

      The policies of nations that host to MNCS have changed over time to include a centralized political administration model whereby the MNC is expected to deal directly with the top authorities. In this case, the government clarifies its role in the strategic game situation towards the MNC. In the assessment of how far the MNC can go about the issue of conditions that can be imposed by the host nation is dependent on the present as well as future strategic position. On those cases the government established some power potential in their strategic position; they implement an offensive policy characterized by a high degree of continuity (Cohn, 2015). The issues that lead states to have power over MNCs include the case where states have the power of expropriations, implementation of adverse regulatory changes, renegotiation of contracts and changing the performance requirements. MNCs, on the other hand, have an advantage when negotiating with nations that have poor economies and where the MNC is bringing in the needed economic assistance needed by the country to improve. Further, the MNCs have the upper hand when negotiating with nations that do not have the workforce or expertise to carry out certain economic initiatives whereby the MNC has the skills and resources.

2.      In the assessment of the Greek financial crisis, it is evident that there are some international issues that precipitated their situation. Among these include the fact that the 2008 global financial crisis affected the country the worst in Europe because they are among the poorest and most indebted nations. Further, had Greece not been a member of the euro, they could have printed more of their currency thus lowering the value of their products in the international market which could have increased their competitiveness (Cohn, 2015). The fact they share a monetary policy with the rest of Europe made it impossible to adopt any of these measures. The internal issues that contributed to the crisis include their inefficient pension scheme where they committed a huge portion of their economic output to pay pensioners instead of economic development. High tax evasion cases are additionally the internal issue that contributed to the crisis with the country struggling to collect taxes from citizens, especially the wealthy when the national debt is 177% of their GDP (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2011).

The international causes of the 1990s Asian financial crisis revolved around the increase in the systemic global financial instability that was evident after the collapse of the Bretton Woods agreements as well as the increased liberalization and mobility of the international capital flows. The internal causes are associated with the strong economic performance in the region that led Asian countries being in denial of the challenges that surfaced (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2011). They believed they were immune and thus did not implement large fiscal deficits, rapid monetary expansion, and heavy public debt burdens as well as failing to address their emerging issues in earnest until it was too late.

3.      The positive impact of outsourcing is the fact that it increases the competitiveness of a country in the global marketplace; keep the labor costs low through hiring in emerging markets where the standards of living are lower, increase the profitability. The core negative impact is that it increases the rates of unemployment in the country by reducing the number of jobs accessed by the local population. It is imperative that governments do not outsource the core functions as military and law enforcement and in the case of noncore functions, they should partner with private establishments whereby these private services providers are tasked with delivering services to the public (Cohn, 2015). Job seekers and the employment are against outsourcing as it takes jobs from them while companies favor outsourcing as it allows them to get quality talent at lower costs, allowing them to make greater profit margins.

4.      The Budapest Treaty relating to the international recognition of the deposit o of microorganisms for purposes of patent procedure obligates all the states who are members of a treaty to recognize all microorganisms that have been deposited to be part of the patent procedure (Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin, 2013). The implication is that the need to submit microorganisms to each of the national authorities where patent protection is sought no longer exists.

The Rome Convention for the protection of producers, performers of broadcasting as well as phonograms is used in securing protection in performance for the performers in phonograms for the production of phonograms as well as for broadcasting organizations (Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin, 2013).

The TRIPS agreements were addressing issues of Trademarks, copyright, indications, geographical, industrial designs, patents and undisclosed information. The agreement is enforced by the world trade organization, which asserts that all the governments that are members should give protect the intellectual property of the other members (Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin, 2013).

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization and serves to allow the applicant to file just a single application for patent registration in any of the PCT countries designated (Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin, 2013). The international delegation will produce the same effects in each of the designed countries as would have been if the patent had been registered in that country.

The Madrid System is administered by WIPO and serves to allow an applicant to file just a single application for registration of a trademark in any number of Madrid Protocol designated countries. Through the international registration, the effects produced are similar in each of the designated countries as if the trademark was registered directly to the country unless protection is refused by that country (Cornish, Llewelyn & Aplin, 2013).

5.      Cooperation among oil exporters is predominantly determined by the desire to raise the oil prices on the supply side as they seek to create the demand that will guarantee them higher revenues through the exports. When these exporters cooperate in creating artificial shortages by controlling the production volumes, they raise the prices of the commodity, getting superior revenues (Haugen, 2011). The rivalry, on the other hand, is driven by each exporter’s desire to outdo the other in increasing their sales in the regions that are experiencing economic growth and thus higher demand for oil. Each exporter tries to employ all the tricks possible to ensure they reap from the competitors in the sales they make in these regions. The relations between the oil exporting and importing nations are guided by the concepts of supply and demand (Haugen, 2011). Examples include the fact that in cases of high supply, the producing nations come together to lower the production which consequently increases the demand and prices concurrently. The high prices, on the other hand, make the importing nations to come together and assess how they will need to undertake actions to lower the prices.

6.      The prevailing assertion is that the world population is going to keep on climbing and consequently increasing the demand for food, making it impossible for agriculture to feed the prospective world population. The core attribute is that if agriculture is going to feed the ever-growing world population, it is imperative that it is made to be more like manufacturing (Cornish, Llewellyn & Aplin, 2013). Core issues that are going to influence the ability of agriculture to feed the world population encompass implementation of policies to alleviate poverty, strategies to increase yields, address issues of land degradation and funding of research on agriculture. Politics is central to addressing these questions since they have the authority to address the core policies that can improve agriculture. They can additionally legislate policies to manage the population explosion, offer funds for research and adoption of technology in farming and create awareness on issues that ought to be implemented to address the situation.

7.      Import-substitution is the referee to the trade and economic policy that advocates for the replacement of imports with domestic production. The advantages include the fact that a country enjoys less competition and can minimize their foreign dependency via the local production of industrialized products (Cohn, 2015). Some of the countries that have used the policy include Brazil, Mexico, India, Philippines Pakistan, and China. Disadvantages include increased government intervention, inflation, misallocation as well as efficiency.

Export-led development refers to the trade as well as economic policy whose aim is to speed up the rate of industrialization process of the country through export of the goods the nation has a comparative advantage. The advantage is the fact that it allows a country to balance their finances and surpass their debts and trigger productivity due to the demand for export (Cohn, 2015). The disadvantages include the fact that it does not support diversity in production as economies seek comparative advantage. Countries that have used the model include China and India.

Orthodox liberalism advocates for civil liberties under the rule of law, moreover emphasizes economic freedoms that originate from economic liberalism is also called free market capitalism (Cohn, 2015). The advantages include the fact that there is competition between companies that leads to increased efficiency and that it contributes to greater innovation. Disadvantages include the fact there are distorted priorities since wealth is focused on what will bring highest profits and there is exploitation of workers due to desire to produce more. Examples of the countries include China and Vietnam.

8.      These elements form the foundation that is necessary for the implementation of successful developments. They offer the structure and basis under which various economic developments can be executed. In my opinion, imperialism is the most important factor as it plays the role of organizing and managing the other factors to realize development.  Institutions come in second as they provide the integral resources that will be used in the realization of the specific developments (Sachs, 2012). Geography comes in last as is the mostly supportive attribute of the other factors. The best example of imperialism is the leadership needed to organize the other resources; institutions encompass the established customs and agencies that guide the development while geography refers to such attributes as locations and climate.

9.      The great extents inequality of the world’s wealth is characterized by the fact that eight of the world’s richest billionaires control the same wealth among themselves as the half of the world’s poorest population. There has emerged a trend of increased inequality between the rich and the poor, with the issues as tax evasion, aggressive wage restraint and squeezed company production being the core contributors (Collins, 2012). The same trend is noted in the case of nations, with wealth disparities among nations being a major issue. The concept of globalization will increase issues of wealth disparity as the continued integration of economies will only benefit the wealthy nations who have the capacity and resources to exploit resources in the developing countries, leaving them poorer.  There, however, the contention is that globalization allows economies to integrate, which allows citizens in developing countries to seek employment in the companies from the developed nations where they get better wages improving their living standards (Collins, 2012). Governments should ensure they implement policies that protect their resources from being exploited by the developed nations and their MNCs. It is imperative they implement legislations to ensure any investment in their nations favors their people first and thus providing the necessary foundation for economic growth and consequent alleviation of poverty.

10.  The phenomenon of the “gated globe” is used to refer to the elements of increasing intervention of the state in the flow if money as well as goods, more regionalization of trade since countries is gravitating towards the like-minded neighbors (Ip, 2013). There additionally is the issue of increasing friction since national interests are preceding international cooperation. It is evident in finance, capital movements, trade policy among other through the continued segregation of the nations that the developed countries do not consider as their partners or meeting their ideologies. They are seen in the increasing formation of factions used predominantly for trade and control of resources. The desire to control how resources and investments are as nations seek to avoid a repeat of the global economic crisis is the main attribute that has led to the emergence of the gated globe.

References

Cohn, T. (2015). Global political economy. Routledge.

Collins, C. (2012). 99 to 1: how wealth inequality is wrecking the world and what we can do about it. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Cornish, W., Llewelyn, G. I. D., & Aplin, T. (2013). Intellectual property: patents, copyright, trade marks & allied rights.

Gordon, R. J. (2012). Is US economic growth over? Faltering innovation confronts the six headwinds (No. w18315). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Haugen, H. Ø. (2011). Chinese exports to Africa: competition, complementarity and cooperation between micro-level actors. In Forum for Development Studies (Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 157-176). Routledge.

Ip, G. (2013). The gated globe. The Economist, 12-18.

Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2011). From financial crash to debt crisis. The American Economic Review, 101(5), 1676-1706.

Sachs, J. D. (2012). Government, geography, and growth: The true drivers of economic development.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in write my essay online if you need a similar paper you can place your order from write my essay for me services.