Articlee
1
Wilson, SE, T Harris, P Sethi, J Fediurek, L
Macdonald, and SL Deeks. "Coverage from Ontario, Canada'sSchool-Based Hpv
Vaccine Program: the First Three Years."Vaccine. 31.5 (2013):
757-62. Print.
The
objective of this program was in presenting a calculation of the provincial
Vaccine coverage via the use of a survey that permitted the HIU to report the
data they felt that it best reflected the local coverage. The rationale behind
this was to assist in the examination of the sources of the denominator data
that was employed in estimating the vaccine program’s target population as well
as to obtain feedback on the local methods for HPV vaccine coverage evaluation.
Target
Population
The
program targets the grade eight girl students aged 13 years old. 36 health
units administered the program in Ontario, which have a huge population of
approximately 34,000 to 2.7 million. The schools collect and disseminate the
locally developed informed consent forms and additionally provide the necessary
facilities within the school for student vaccination.
Personnel
The
individualized surveys were emailed every vaccination preventable disease
manager working in any of Ontario's health units.
Setting
The
program was implemented in a school setting whereby the nurse staff employed by
the HUs administered the vaccine to the eligible students within the school
setting.
The
Program
The
program was administered locally by the 36 HUs in Ontario. The HU staff input
the data into the IRIS for updating the immunization status of the students
receiving the HPV vaccine. The individualized surveys were emailed to each of
the presentable vaccine managers in the 26 HUs in Ontario in March 2011. The
content of the survey included the request for the coverage of the estimates
for the three initial years of the program as well as questions in the
denominator source.
The program did not use
a theory as a premise from the evaluation
The
Material
The
material needed in during this program included the health units, the consent
forms and appropriate facilities for the administration of the vaccine in
schools. The HPV vaccine is additionally
vital to the program, with the HU staff and the participants being central to
the success of the program.
Program
Evaluation
Provincial
denominator approximations were assessed from the survey via the summing of
denominator data that was provided by the HUs across the 36 HUs for every
program year. The provincial HPV vaccine coverage approximations were attained
by dividing the summed numerator data via the summed denominator data for every
program year. Data from HUs were combined to best estimate current provincial
coverage. Coverage was computed based on the school-year throughout when the
series was started, rather than completed. It was not imperative that students
complete the sequence within a specified time to be considered complete.
Chi-squared tests were additionally adopted in comparing the coverage estimates
between as well as within data sources for every program year moreover to
evaluate the proportion of HUs who reported on coverage with extended
eligibility over time.
An
advantage of the program was able to establish the basis for the coverage of
the HPV vaccine, making clear the issues that should be addressed to promote
greater coverage in the administration of the vaccine. The main limitation is that the fact that the
program is grade based and not aged based, the calculation of target population
is complex, increasing the risk of overlooking the deserving candidates.
Article 2
Trottier,
H., Mayrand, M.-H., Coutlée, F., Monnier, P., Laporte, L., Niyibizi, J.,
Carceller, A.-M., ... Audibert, F. (December 01, 2016). Human papillomavirus
(HPV) perinatal transmission and risk of HPV persistence among children:
Design, methods and preliminary results of the HERITAGE study. Papillomavirus
Research, 2, 145-152.
The
objective of the article is in the assessment of the Route for the transmission
route in perinatal for human papillomavirus (HPV). In this program, attempts
are made towards the advancing of the comprehension of the rate along with
determinants of perinatal transmission and rate along with determinants of the
persistence of HPV in children. The program desires to present the study design
as well as offer preliminary data from the large prospective cohort study
relating to the perinatal transmission of HPV.
Target Population
The
heritage involved the recruitment of women in academic hospitals along with the
high volume of obstetrical units in Montreal Canada. In each of the hospitals,
the participants were recruited in the outpatient obstetric clinics catering
for the local community. In this case, pregnant women were accrued in the
initial phase of the study that occurred from 2010 to June 2012. The pregnant
women over the age of 18 years, as well as those between 6 and 14 weeks of
gestation, were enrolled for the heritage study. The participants’ children who
were positive for HPV DNA in the first trimester were followed until they got
to 2 years of age.
Personnel
The
program used nurses and research staff, who received training about the
collection of samples from the research participants.
Setting
The
program was implemented in the diverse academic hospitals as well as
obstetrical units in Montreal Canada. The recruitment for the HERITAGE was
conducted in 3 teaching hospitals in Montreal as a subsample of the 3D study.
The Program
In
the initial visit, a self-collected cervicovaginal specimen that was obtained
via the use of a dry Dacron swap that was obtained from pregnant mothers for
the type-specific HPV DNA testing. The research staff, as well as the nurses,
was trained for the collection of the samples in the children and children
participants. They additionally were trained to disclose as well as explain the
HPV DNA tests results. The study protocol was further approved by the
institutional ethical as well as research review boards concerned with the
participating institutions.
The
implementation of the program was not based upon any theoretical premises.
The
program used self-collected cervicovaginal specimen via the use of a dry Dacron
swab for specific testing of HPV DNA. Further, there was the use of placenta
brush as well as biopsy were used in collecting HPV DNA testing on both the
maternal as well as the fetal side in each participant. Two catalog brushes
were adopted in collecting cells from peripheral as well as central zones.
Virox was employed in cleaning scissors, clamps and any other tool used. Gloves
were also used in the procedure, with liquid preservatives being used during
the storage of specimens. Questionnaires were used in documenting the social-demographic
data as well as pre-birth indicators of the participants.
Program Evaluation
The
pregnant women who were recruited in the first trimester provided their HPV DNA
samples at the first trimester, while placenta samples were provided after
birth. DNA testing was additionally repeated in during the third trimester for
the participants who had tested positive in the first trimester, with the
children of the women who tested positive followed till they were two years
old.
Some
of the pros of the program as that it offers the picture of the risks factors
lined with the perinatal transmission thus making it possible for the
stakeholders in healthcare to develop strategies to aid in dealing with the
challenge. However, the fact that it does not offer an explanation of the
consequences of HPV infections on the pregnant women is a disadvantage of the
study. The study further fails to enumerate a comprehensive understanding of
the mechanism that can be adopted in the assessment of the transmission from
the mother to the child, making it hard to address the transmission issue.
Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for medical essay writing service online.
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